Nonliving Vaccines

Nonliving Vaccines and Their Approximate times of availability
Inactivated whole organisms:

• 1896 – Typhoid
• 1896 – Cholera
• 1897 – Plague
• 1986 – Whole cell pertussis
• 1938 – Influenza
• 1955 – IPV
• 1955 – Hepatitis A

Use of Extracts and Subunits:

• 1944 – Japanese encephalitis
• 1970s – Influenza
• 1960 – Anthrax
• 1976 – Cell culture raties

Use of toxoids:

• 1923 – Diphtheria
• 1929 – Tetanus

Newer Technology for vaccine development
The strategy to use is vary, several strategy on the development of vaccines that usually use are as follows:

• Recombinant protein production
• Live recombinants carrying genes from related agents
• Recombinant vectors recombining genes from pathogens
• Alpha virus replicons
• Replication defective particles
• Naked DNA plasmids
• Prime boost using DNA and/or vectors
• Reverse vaccinology
• Microarrays for expression of virulence genes
• Synthetic peptides
• Synthetic capsular polysaccharides
• Reverse genetics

The example of pathogens targeted:
Hepatitis BSAg, pertussis toxin, lyme outer surface protein A, CMV gB
Dengue genes in yellow fever 17D, parainfluenza 1+2 genes in parainfluenza 3, M.tuberculosis genes in BCG HIV, CMV
HIV, Hemorrchagic Fever
HPV, SARS
HIV and many others
HIV, malaria, tuberculosis
Menigococcus B for menigitis
Mainly Bacteria
Cancer, CTL vaccines
Hib
Influenze vaccine, parainfluenza, RSV